货车为什么那么多档位?

2025-03-16 04:43:46
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

档位多的车,每个档位的变速比差值会小一些,换档时会更顺,并且可以根据车速、载重量、车重的不同选择合适的档位。

以5档的车为例,一般1档的变速比是5档的3倍,4档是5档的1.2倍左右。档位多的车,变速比可选的范围会宽一些。发动机的转速极高,在好几千,而扭矩却不大,只有200N.m左右。这么小的扭矩直接作用在车身上显然是拉不动的。因此通过齿轮组合,达到不同的变速比,将扭矩放大,同时转速相应降低。各个档位之间变速比不同,例如假设5档总变速比是10,也就是发动机的扭矩放大10倍,同时转速被降低到1/10,例如发动机转速3000转/分,那么5档时轮胎的转速只有300转/分,而扭矩则扩大为10倍。

特别是重的卡车,因为本身柴油机的转速就不高,主要靠多个档位来调整速度,如果档位太少,开起来不方便。假设一卡车只有5个档,5档变速比是10,4档变速比是12。如果装满了货,变速比为10,可能发动机传递到轮胎上的扭矩不大,拉不动,而用12的变速比,可能又不是太有必要,这样费油了点,如果在这两个档位之间插进一个档,变速比为11,或许就刚刚好了。另外,多个档位的车,是允许越级加档,允许高档起步的,因为它1、2、3档之间的变速比其实很接近。

而5档的车一般是严禁越级加档,严禁高档起步的,因为5档的车,一般1档的力量是2档的1.5倍,是3档的1.7倍左右,差别很大,2、3档起步很伤离合,1档起步后直接3档,掌握不好也容易打齿轮。而16个档的车,很可能1档的力量只是3档的1.2倍,空车平地完全可以3档起步,满车平地2档起步,满车上坡才1档起步。而起步后速度加起来也完全可以越级加档,从1档加到16档并不意味着要换15次档,可能8次就够了。

回答2:

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