唐朝（618年—907年），是中国历史上重要的朝代之一,也是中国历史上最强盛,最繁荣,最发达，最开放的时代之一。李渊于618年建立了唐朝，以长安（今陕西西安）为都，后来又设洛阳为东都。其鼎盛时期的疆域西至中亚的里海与咸海；北越外兴安岭，贝加尔湖；东起库页岛，朝鲜半岛；南到越南。690年，武则天改国号为周，史称武周，直到705年唐中宗恢复大唐国号。唐朝在天宝十四年（755年）安史之乱后日渐衰落，至907年梁王朱全忠篡位灭亡，共延续了289年，传了20位皇帝。唐在文化、政治、经济、外交等方面都有辉煌的成就，是当时世界上最强大的国家。当时的东亚邻国包括新罗、渤海国和日本的政治体制、文化等方面亦受其很大影响。
“唐”这国号是晋的古名，泛指今山西省的中心地域。传说君主尧号称“陶唐”氏。周朝时在现今湖北省有一小国唐国。李渊在隋朝时继承唐国公；在隋恭帝禅让后便以唐为国号。唐朝灭亡后，五代的李存勖所建的后唐和十国的南唐都自称是唐朝的承继者而用“唐”作为国号。事实上他们的皇帝与唐王朝并无血缘关系。
唐朝皇族李氏自称出自汉族的陇西李氏。陇西李氏从秦代开始就是中国著名的武将军人世家。这个家族涌现过汉朝飞将军李广等著名将军。不过也有人对此说法表示怀疑，认为唐朝皇族李氏带有鲜卑血统。而《旧唐书》和《新唐书》中则称唐朝皇族李氏是老子李耳的子孙，十六国的西凉开国君主李皓亦是其远祖。北周时推行鲜卑化政策，李氏被迫改成“大野氏”，这是一个新创立的姓氏。北周灭亡后，又恢复为李氏。
唐朝连同宋朝被历史学者黄仁宇认为是相继于秦汉之后的中国第二帝国时期，日本历史学者则普遍认为唐朝是中国“中世”时期的结束。唐朝国力在中国历史上数一数二，因此华人也被称为“唐人”，现今西方华人聚居处也被称为“唐人街”。
▲历史：
李渊开国
隋朝末年，由于隋炀帝的失道离德和出征高句丽失败，农民起义在各地兴起（参看隋末农民战争）。617年五月，太原留守、唐国公李渊在晋阳（今山西太原）起兵，十一月占领长安，拥立杨侑为帝，改元义宁，是为隋恭帝。李渊任大丞相，进封唐王。大业十四年（618年）三月隋炀帝在江都被杀。同年五月，李渊逼恭帝禅让，自己称帝，国号唐，是为唐高祖。改元武德，都城仍定在长安。由于第三子李玄霸早死，长子李建成被封为太子，次子李世民为秦王，四子李元吉为齐王。唐朝建立后，李渊派李世民征讨四方，剿灭各方群雄。武德九年（626年）六月初四，四方征战有功的李世民发动玄武门之变，杀死兄长李建成和弟弟李元吉，李渊自动退位，让李世民即位为唐太宗。
贞观开元
太宗时期将为突厥所支配的蒙古高原纳为势力范围，唐朝北方的诸民族专称李世民为天可汗。内政方面承继了宰相制，发展完善和确立了后世运用的三省六部和科举选士制，又推行均田制，实行租庸调制，网罗了一大批精明强干的大臣。这时期社会秩序安定，经济繁荣，历史上称为“贞观之治”。其政绩的总结《贞观政要》成为日本和朝鲜的帝王教科书。
唐太宗死后，第九子李治即位，是为唐高宗。高宗时期对外接受了新罗之请，终于灭了高句丽和百济并于白江口大败日本水师援军。高宗健康状况不好，许多政事都交给皇后武氏来处理。高宗死后不久，武皇后立太子李显为帝，是为唐中宗。不久又废中宗为庐陵王，改立另一个儿子李旦为帝，是为唐睿宗。平定了徐敬业领导的反叛后，在天授元年（690年），皇后武氏废睿宗秸号称帝，改国号为周，武后也成为了中国历史上唯一自称皇帝的女人，前后掌权50余年。由于武后死后的谥号中“则天”二字，所以近代以来一些学者称其为“武则天”，但这是一个不严谨的称号。
在武周十五年统治时期，武后为了制衡甚至打击高宗以来的世家大族的权力，所以对以科举进身仕途的官员大力提拔。狄仁杰是其中的代表。她又安排她的侄儿党羽武三思和武承嗣等人担任重要机务。传统史学家对武后批评，如索元礼、来俊臣和周兴等官员在她的鼓励下替她以告密、酷刑等监视群臣。武后又常绕过门下省，中书省直接对官员发号施令，开了破坏官吏制度的先例。男性内侍张昌宗弟兄和薛怀义等。不过传统男性皇帝的后宫亦很多。武后对佛教亦大力推崇，例如武周时期的佛寺兴建频繁，使用年号证圣、大足等；这与李氏皇族推崇道教和如贞观、永徽、景云、开元等年号相对。另外武后成了后来唐朝后宫女性争权的效法者。
神龙元年（705年），敬珲和宰相张柬之等人发动政变，拥立中宗李显复位，恢复了唐朝的政权。李旦被立为相王。中宗却一直受到韦皇后、女儿安乐公主和武后的旧有党羽武三思等人的影响，张柬之和敬珲等人全部被流放或诛杀。韦皇后有意成为第二个武后，安乐公主则曾要求被立为皇太女。在景龙四年（710年）韦皇后和安乐公主合谋毒杀中宗，韦后立温王李重茂为帝，是为少帝，并欲加害相王李旦。李旦的儿子，当时是临淄王的李隆基在姑母太平公主的协助下发动政变，诛杀韦后、安乐公主及武氏残余势力，拥立李旦复位。后睿宗妹太平公主与李隆基发生权力之争。延和元年（712年），睿宗让位于太子李隆基，是为唐玄宗，又称唐明皇。713年，唐玄宗将太平公主赐死，党羽或杀或逐，结束了这段史称“韦后之乱”的混乱政局。同年改元开元。唐玄宗在位44年，前期（开元年间）政治比较清明，经济迅速发展，农业上发明了曲辕犁和筒车，使得农业生产力大幅提高，国力迅速上升，唐朝进入全盛时期，史称“开元盛世”。这一时期被认为是继汉武帝时期之后，中国历史上出现的第二次鼎盛局面。首都长安城人口达一百余万，面积84平方公里，成为当时世界上最大的城市。
唐
首都 长安为首都，洛阳为东都
君主
-开国君主
-灭亡君主 共20位
李渊
李祝
成立 (隋末农民战争)
(618年)
灭亡 (白马驿之祸)
(907年)
唐朝（618年—907年），是中国历史上最重要的朝代之一，也是公认的中国最强盛的时代之一。李渊于618年建立了唐朝，以长安（今陕西西安）为都，后来又设洛阳为东都。其鼎盛时期的公元7世纪时，中亚的沙漠地带也受其支配。690年，武则天改国号为周，史称武周，直到705年唐中宗恢复大唐国号。唐朝在天宝十四年（755年）安史之乱后日渐衰落，至907年梁王朱全忠篡位灭亡，共延续了289年，传了20位皇帝。唐在文化、政治、经济、外交等方面都有辉煌的成就，是当时世界上最强大的国家之一。当时的东亚邻国包括新罗、渤海国和日本的政治体制、文化等方面亦受其很大影响。
“唐”这国号是晋的古名，泛指今山西省的中心地域。传说君主尧号称“陶唐”氏。周朝时在现今湖北省有一小国唐国。李渊在隋朝时继承唐国公；在隋恭帝禅让后便以唐为国号。唐朝灭亡后，五代的李存勖所建的后唐和十国的南唐都自称是唐朝的承继者而用“唐”作为国号。事实上他们的皇帝与唐王朝并无血缘关系。
唐朝皇族李氏自称出自汉族的赵郡名望,同时李氏家族也是陇西军事贵族。陇西李氏从秦代开始就是中国著名的武将军人世家。这个家族涌现过汉朝飞将军李广等著名将军。不过也有人对此说法表示怀疑，认为唐朝皇族李氏带有鲜卑血统。而《旧唐书》和《新唐书》中则称唐朝皇族李氏是老子李耳的子孙，十六国的西凉开国君主李皓亦是其远祖。北周时推行鲜卑化政策，李氏被迫改成“大野氏”，这是一个新创立的姓氏。北周灭亡后，又恢复为李氏。
唐朝连同宋朝被历史学者黄仁宇认为是相继于秦汉之后的中国第二帝国时期，日本历史学者则普遍认为唐朝是中国“中世”时期的结束。唐朝国力在中国历史上数一数二，因此华人也被称为“唐人”，现今西方华人聚居处也被称为“唐人街”。
But another tang dynasty 著 the 帝 king of lets the tang dynasty become world to worship furtherly on the foundation of Tang Dynasty peaceful times of past of center she is a Chinese history satge top the only female emperor-martial day.
Generation impress-martial day
After martial surname independence is an empress.Force then day 掌 the solid power discards emperor Lee 旦 in 690 years behind, independence for emperor, change the name of country as week, change a dollar day to teach, the history calls "martial week".
Force the day then opens civil service exam greatly after calling the 帝 , making an exception to use a person;Praise agriculture mulberry, develop economy;Know a person kind term, permit person 纳谏 .Is in control of domestic affairs near half a century at her, society stability, economic development, lay the foundation for the later peaceful times situation.But, force the day then forces to harm a queen 萧 an imperial concubine, killing a parents and children, sealing a martial surname a various king greatly, heavy use cool 吏 , severe law, the miscarriage of justice cluster livings, is scolded by historical 谴 .The ancient times ruled in the feudal system, force the day then is the only a Chinese real female emperor.
Along with tang dynasty national strength of day the china of the different and strong tang dynasty develop reach the peak also, the china does work fine to be also praised by the world.Was also in that time the big English dictionary to have China is this single phrase, but this ability body now of is exactly the superb intelligence of our Chinese nation and consummate creation craft.This porcelain that is period to come out the manufacturing expects to producted …"the china made product also from originally pure of living the product change into decorations, the creation method of china is also more vivid.
Not only single is the development of china industry, other manufacturing industries of Tang Dynasty are also very flourishing, the clothes of Tang Dynasty product to use silk goods more, creating the styles all full body of the craft clothing now China the clothing special features of the culture and Chinese nation.And this kind of clothing creation special features also influenced costume design and clothing of a little bit other nations in the world to create a principle.
The building of Tang Dynasty also very sometimes generation characteristics, the city sets up also very reasonable, building style tightly packed some Asia nations also imitated building style and layout of tang dynasty in succession at that time.
Tang's empire was a world to write an article most at that time clear and strong nation, the capital city was mostly Chang-an world would.Tang's empire of that time is an international community person of great virtue person with ideals and integrity"sunlight district" within heart.The diplomacy from international community diplomatic corps forms a continuous stream, highly developed culture in China, make and arrive at the all countries people of China, majority with become Chinese artificial glory.Not only capital city Chang-an, there is all"alien residents" from abroad in the whole whole countries settle down in the region, is a particularly newly arisen business city, the western alien residents of one city in only Guangzhou contain above 200,000 people.The 贞 view dynasty is rarely the top of the Chinese history to open a dynasty, foreigner inbound with Chinese departure have no too strict of restriction, then don't worry Chinese to go out behind ungrateful forget 祖 ;Also don't worry the foreigner presumptive guest usurps the role hosts after coming in.Only the height self-confidence which explains a 贞 view a dynasty, believing deeply the own nation is most most in the world civilization rich and strong of land, don't worry foreign culture to drown oneself.Citizen's character of 贞 view dynasty is such of high, outward the country alien residents neither discriminate against nor receive to face, since not the outside of the blindness row be not completely either to receive, a big citizen's generosity of spirit of cordial but independent and great king manner.The foreigner is in China elephant Chinese at oneself the home is similar, possessing a similar to the Chinese citizen power, can build up fortune not only, can also join the government to be an officer.The alien residents which comes from Arabian empire and Japan hasn't a few hold the post of official position in China, have of still hold the post of ministerial-level a senior officer.
Because the empress expects of Tang 玄 ignore domestic affairs, tang dynasty political blackness heavy minister Anne 禄 mountain the history think clear in 755~762 rise in revolt an occurrence insurrection, the history calls "Anne's history of disorderly" Anne's history of in disorder is our country the history is an important affairs, is also a tang dynasty from prosperous but the turn of 衰 order.From now on the history position of tang dynasty descends continuously, the social antinomy arouses to turn continuously, society turbulence, various insurrection continuously, end perish in 907 years.China another earth splits into each small various 侯 country, in order to fight site to launch war each other, each various 侯 country another people sink into water and scorching fire in.The China landscape falls apart, the in the interval appears of the national category is numerous, also don't lack region and nation of national minority governance among them, different here on elaborating on, underneath we will what to introduce is a national minority's dynasty-dollar in Chinese establishment.
But another tang dynasty 著 the 帝 king of lets the tang dynasty become world to worship furtherly on the foundation of Tang Dynasty peaceful times of past of center she is a Chinese history satge top the only female emperor-martial day.
Generation impress-martial day
After martial surname independence is an empress.Force then day 掌 the solid power discards emperor Lee 旦 in 690 years behind, independence for emperor, change the name of country as week, change a dollar day to teach, the history calls "martial week".
Force the day then opens civil service exam greatly after calling the 帝 , making an exception to use a person;Praise agriculture mulberry, develop economy;Know a person kind term, permit person 纳谏 .Is in control of domestic affairs near half a century at her, society stability, economic development, lay the foundation for the later peaceful times situation.But, force the day then forces to harm a queen 萧 an imperial concubine, killing a parents and children, sealing a martial surname a various king greatly, heavy use cool 吏 , severe law, the miscarriage of justice cluster livings, is scolded by historical 谴 .The ancient times ruled in the feudal system, force the day then is the only a Chinese real female emperor.
But another tang dynasty 著 the 帝 king of lets the tang dynasty become world to worship furtherly on the foundation of Tang Dynasty peaceful times of past of center she is a Chinese history satge top the only female emperor-martial day.
Generation impress-martial day
After martial surname independence is an empress.Force then day 掌 the solid power discards emperor Lee 旦 in 690 years behind, independence for emperor, change the name of country as week, change a dollar day to teach, the history calls "martial week".
Force the day then opens civil service exam greatly after calling the 帝 , making an exception to use a person;Praise agriculture mulberry, develop economy;Know a person kind term, permit person 纳谏 .Is in control of domestic affairs near half a century at her, society stability, economic development, lay the foundation for the later peaceful times situation.But, force the day then forces to harm a queen 萧 an imperial concubine, killing a parents and children, sealing a martial surname a various king greatly, heavy use cool 吏 , severe law, the miscarriage of justice cluster livings, is scolded by historical 谴 .The ancient times ruled in the feudal system, force the day then is the only a Chinese real female emperor.
Along with tang dynasty national strength of day the china of the different and strong tang dynasty develop reach the peak also, the china does work fine to be also praised by the world.Was also in that time the big English dictionary to have China is this single phrase, but this ability body now of is exactly the superb intelligence of our Chinese nation and consummate creation craft.This porcelain that is period to come out the manufacturing expects to producted …"the china made product also from originally pure of living the product change into decorations, the creation method of china is also more vivid.
Not only single is the development of china industry, other manufacturing industries of Tang Dynasty are also very flourishing, the clothes of Tang Dynasty product to use silk goods more, creating the styles all full body of the craft clothing now China the clothing special features of the culture and Chinese nation.And this kind of clothing creation special features also influenced costume design and clothing of a little bit other nations in the world to create a principle.
The building of Tang Dynasty also very sometimes generation characteristics, the city sets up also very reasonable, building style tightly packed some Asia nations also imitated building style and layout of tang dynasty in succession at that time.
Tang's empire was a world to write an article most at that time clear and strong nation, the capital city was mostly Chang-an world would.Tang's empire of that time is an international community person of great virtue person with ideals and integrity"sunlight district" within heart.The diplomacy from international community diplomatic corps forms a continuous stream, highly developed culture in China, make and arrive at the all countries people of China, majority with become too strict of restriction, then don't worry Chinese to go out behind ungrateful forget 祖 ;Also don't worry the foreigner presumptive guest usurps the role hosts after coming in.Only the height self-confidence which explains a 贞 view a dynasty, believing deeply the own nation is most most in the world civilization rich and strong of land, don't worry foreign culture to drown oneself.Citizen's character of 贞 view dynasty is such of high, outward the country alien residents neither discriminate against nor receive to face, since not the outside of the blindness row be not completely either to receive, a big citizen's generosity of spirit of cordial but independent and great king manner.The foreigner is in China elephant Chinese at oneself the home is similar, possessing a similar to the Chinese citizen power, can build up fortune not only, can also join the government to be an officer.The alien residents which comes from Arabian empire and Japan hasn't a few hold the post of official position in China, have of still hold the post of ministerial-level a senior officer.
Because the empress expects of Tang 玄 ignore domestic affairs, tang dynasty political blackness heavy minister Anne 禄 mountain the history think clear in 755~762 rise in revolt an occurrence insurrection, the history calls "Anne's history of disorderly" Anne's history of in disorder is our country the history is an important affairs, is also a tang dynasty from prosperous but the turn of 衰 order.From now on the history position of tang dynasty descends continuously, the social antinomy arouses to turn continuously, society turbulence, various insurrection continuously, end perish in 907 years.China another earth splits into each small various 侯 country, in order to fight site to launch war each other, each various 侯 country another people sink into water and scorching fire in.The China landscape falls apart, the in the interval appears of the national category is numerous, also don't lack region and nation of national minority governance among them, different here on elaborating on, underneath we will what to introduce is a national minority's dynasty-dollar in Chinese establishment.
Generation impress-martial day
After martial surname independence is an empress.Force then day 掌 the solid power discards emperor Lee 旦 in 690 years behind, independence for emperor, change the name of country as week, change a dollar day to teach, the history calls "martial week".
Force the day then opens civil service exam greatly after calling the 帝 , making an exception to use a person;Praise agriculture mulberry, develop economy;Know a person kind term, permit person 纳谏 .Is in control of domestic affairs near half a century at her, society stability, economic development, lay the foundation for the later peaceful times situation.But, force the day then forces to harm a queen 萧 an imperial concubine, killing a parents and children, sealing a martial surname a various king greatly, heavy use cool 吏 , severe law, the miscarriage of justice cluster livings, is scolded by historical 谴 .The ancient times ruled in the feudal system, force the day then is the only a Chinese real female emperor.
Along with tang dynasty national strength of day the china of the different and strong tang dynasty develop reach the peak also, the china does work fine to be also praised by the world.Was also in that time the big English dictionary to have China is this single phrase, but this ability body now of is exactly the superb intelligence of our Chinese nation and consummate creation craft.This porcelain that is period to come out the manufacturing expects to producted …"the china made product also from originally pure of living the product change into decorations, the creation method of china is also more vivid.
Not only single is the development of china industry, other manufacturing industries of Tang Dynasty are also very flourishing, the clothes of Tang Dynasty product to use silk goods more, creating the styles all full body of the craft clothing now China the clothing special features of the culture and Chinese nation.And this kind of clothing creation special features also influenced costume design and clothing of a little bit other nations in the world to create a principle.
But another tang dynasty 著 the 帝 king of lets the tang dynasty become world to worship furtherly on the foundation of Tang Dynasty peaceful times of past of center she is a Chinese history satge top the only female emperor-martial day.
Generation impress-martial day
After martial surname independence is an empress.Force then day 掌 the solid power discards emperor Lee 旦 in 690 years behind, independence for emperor, change the name of country as week, change a dollar day to teach, the history calls "martial week".
Force the day then opens civil service exam greatly after calling the 帝 , making an exception to use a person;Praise agriculture mulberry, develop economy;Know a person kind term, permit person 纳谏 .Is in control of domestic affairs near half a century at her, society stability, economic development, lay the foundation for the later peaceful times situation.But, force the day then forces to harm a queen 萧 an imperial concubine, killing a parents and children, sealing a martial surname a various king greatly, heavy use cool 吏 , severe law, the miscarriage of justice cluster livings, is scolded by historical 谴 .The ancient times ruled in the feudal system, force the day then is the only a Chinese real female emperor.
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