关系代词
1)
关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The
girl
to
whom
I
spoke
is
my
cousin.
跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the
girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2)
关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that
可指人也可指物,见表:
限定性
非限定性
限定性
指
人
指
物
指人或指物
主
格
who
which
that
宾
格
whom
that
that
属
格
whose
of
which/whose
of
which/whose
例如:
This
is
the
pencil
whose
point
is
broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose
指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He
came
back
for
the
book
which
he
had
forgotten.
他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3)
关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He
said
he
saw
me
there,
which
was
a
lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:
关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,
例如:
I've
forgotten
much
of
the
Latin
I
once
knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's
changed.
He's
not
the
man
he
was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
关系副词
1.关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用。
2.关系副词所引导的形容词子句用于修饰主要子句中的某一名词或代名词,被修饰的词称作先行词,关系副词要放在先行词之后。
3.关系副词主要有四个,即when,
where,
why,
how。此外the也可作关系副词引导副词子句。
Would
you
please
tell
me
the
way
how
I
can
get
to
the
zoo?
你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?
the
way是先行词。
This
is
the
place
where(that)
I
first
met
her.
这是我第一次见到她的地方。
在口语中that可以充当关系副词,代替when,
why,
how,只有先行词是the
place时,才可代替where。
A:When
should
we
start
to
work?
B:The
sooner
(we
start),
the
better
(it
will
be).
我们该开什么时候应始工作?
越早越好。
the作关系副词是引导副词子句,句子结构一般为:The+比较级...+the+比较级...,第一个the是关系副词。
4.time,day,year,place,house,reason,way等作先行词时可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容词子句,而变成名词子句或副词子句。
中文:这是他出生的地方。
This
is
where
he
was
born.
where
he
was
born是名词子句。
This
is
the
place
where
he
was
born.
where
he
was
born是形容词子句。
中文:我将在第一次见到她的地方见她。
I'll
meet
her
at
the
place
where
I
first
met
her.
where
I
first
met
her是形容词子句。
I'll
meet
her
where
I
first
met
her.
where
I
first
met
her是副词子句。
5.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
We
were
very
happy
in
those
days
when
we
studied
in
school.
我们在学校里上学的那些日子里很快乐。
6.关系副词有补述用法,即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句,主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充,前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tom
got
married
the
day
before
yesterday,
when
it
was
his
birthday
too.
汤姆前天结婚了,那天也是他的生日。
7.wherever,whenever,however是复合关系副词,表示"不论",引导一个修饰主要子句里的动词的副词子句,可加强语气或表示让步。
Wherever
he
goes,
he
would
bring
an
umbrella
with
him.
不论他去那里,他都带着一把雨伞。
关系代词:
who
whom
that
which
whose
(as)
关系副词:
when
where
why
从句里面缺基本成分(如主语/宾语)选关系代词,不缺基本成分选关系副词或"介词+which/whom"
eg:
This
is
the
factory
_____
we
visited
last
year.
从句we
visited
last
year缺少动词visit的宾语,所以要用关系代词
,先行词是物不是人,所以要用that/which,关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略,所以也可以不填.
This
is
the
factory
____
he
worked
last
year.
从句he
worked
last
year不缺基本成分(work是不及物动词,不要求有宾语),所以选关系副词或"介词+which/whom",factory是地点,所以关系副词要用where
至于"介词+which/whom"中介词的选用,要看从句和先行词是通过哪个介词联系在一起的.
我们说He
worked
in
the
factory
last
year.也就是说,从句和先行词factory是通过介词in联系在一起的,所以要用in
which
(先行词不是人,所以不用whom)
*定语从句关系代词that/
which的区别:
1.that不能引导非限定性定语从句
2.直接作介词宾语要用which
3.先行词由the
only
/the
very
/序数词/最高级修饰时用that
4.先行词是不定代词everything
/
nothing
/
something
/
anything
/
all
/
any
/
much或由不定代词all/any/much修饰时用that
5.先行词既有人又有物时用that
6.前面出现过疑问代词which,为避免重复用that
关系代词引导定语从句,关系代词在从句里作主语,宾语。表语。定语
关系副词引导定语从句,关系副词在从局里作状语。
which这个关系代词。代替先行词是物,在从句里作主语,宾语,表语,能引导非限制性的定语从句,能引导介词加关系代词引导的定语从句
that这个关系代词,代替先行词既可以是人也可以是物。在从句里作主语,宾语,表语
当先行词都是物时,下列情况只能用that,先行词里有人还有物;先行词被形容词的最高级,序数词,还有some,any,same,such,every,very,所修饰;先行词是不定代词;