急!帮忙写篇英语作文[初二水平}带中文翻译

2024-11-20 09:18:56
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

在许多英语学习者看来,英语中虚拟语气的表达似乎只有“非真实条件句+虚拟语气”这一模式化结构,如:If I had not taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake. (要不是听了你的劝告,我就犯下大错误了)。其实一些非条件句,如定语从句,主语从句,同位语从句等也能够用来表达虚拟语气。譬如以order, demand, suggest 等动词后面的定语从句的主语+动词原形,还有诸如it+be+necessary (important, vital, essential)that从句,以及wish, prefer, would rather等所带的定语从句和it is(about, high)time that 从句中用动词的过去时态等,这些都是虚拟语气的常见句型。而大多数外语学习者只掌握了英语中的这几种虚拟语气的表达结构的认识。针对这样的情况,本文就隐含条件的虚拟语气的种种表现形式进行一番梳理和探讨,以期英语学习者对隐含条件的虚拟语气,尤其非条件句中隐含的虚拟语气,能够有一个全面和正确的认识。

2.隐含条件的虚拟语气的表达形式

要想探讨这类虚拟语气,必须弄清英语动词虚拟形式在非条件句中的用法和意义。英语中的虚拟语气不仅通过上述结构表达,有时候虚拟条件并不是用常见的条件从句的形式表达,而是通过上下文和其它方式(如介词短语,不定式短语,分词短语,名词或形容词等)表现出来。要弄清这类句式中英语动词虚拟用法和含义,就必须根据语境即上下文,体会出其中所隐含的虚拟语气。对于许多工作英语学习者而言,他们往往忽视或难以理解这类句式中虚拟语气的功用。要证实这一点,我们不妨看一看通过其它语言手段表达虚拟条件时,其英语句子是不是有着与非真实条件状语从句相同的作用,然后再看一看是否能够转换为虚拟条件句。

2.1. 介词短语

介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、补语等,在少数情况下还可用作主语。因此在考察介词短语时,就必须根据上下文语意,正确分析它在句中的语法功用。有时候,介词短语也可以引导隐含假想的句子。我们知道,介词短语经常用来引导的是真实条件还是非真实条件即虚拟的条件,就要根据上下文来加以判断。请看下面的例句:

(1)This change could not have taken place without such a profound social revolution.(没有深刻的社会变革,就不可能有这种变化。)

(2)Man’s life would be impossible in a world free from friction.(在没有摩擦的世界里,人就无法生活。)

不难看出,以上斜体部分的两个介词短语引导的状语成分,可以分别变换成“If there had not been such a profound social revolution”和“If there were a world where there is no friction”.显而易见,它们实际上起着与非真实条件状语从句的相同作用。明确了这一点也就不难意识到以介词短语引导的非条件句中所隐含的虚拟语气了。

以上讨论的是介词或介词短语引导的含假想意味的情况。除了介词短语引导非条件状语表示假想的情况外,还有不定式短语、分词短语、定语成分和定语从句、名词或名词短语、定语成分和定语从句、名词或名词短语、形容词和短语、副词或副词短语和上下文表达虚拟语气。下面我们就将这类词或短语、句子引导的隐含假想意味的虚拟语气通过例句分别加以分析和概括总结。

2.2.动词不定式短语

动词不定式短语引导表示假想意味的有两种情况:

2.2.1.充当主语的动词不定式短语

充当主语的动词不定式短语,常常含有假想的意味,也就是说,它所表达的内容并不是真实的东西,而是想象中的或是彼时彼地不能实现的情况或内容。在这种情况下,句子的谓语动词常常以虚拟语气的形式出现。例如:

(3)It would be really a good idea to go spending holidays in Algeria (要是到阿尔几利亚去度假,那可真是一个好这些主意。)

很显然例句当中“to go spending holidays in Algeria”(去阿尔几利亚度假)可以说是彼时彼地不能实现的计划或意愿。因而这里充当主语的动词不定式成分隐含假想意味,所以句子中的谓语动词用了虚拟形式。

2.2.2.充当条件状语的动词不定式短语

动词不定式除了能够用于充当目击者的状语、结果状语、表示伴随状况和原因状语外,也可以充当条件状语,并且还可以用来表达虚拟的条件。这类例子可以用说是俯拾皆是。例如:

(4)To be launched in a rocket, you would have to lie down.(如果你乘火箭被发射到空,你就得躺下。)

(5)To hear him talk, one would take him for a fool.(听他谈话,人们只会把他当傻瓜。)

例1中的情况当属于想象或假想的情况或至少是暂时不能实现的情况。斜体部分可以转换成“If you were launched in rocket”.同样,例句2表示的是一种假设的可能,句子可改成一个非真实条件句“If one should hear him talk, he(one) would take him for a fool.”。

2.3.分词短语。

分词短语(现在分词短语和过去分词短语)与前面提到的不定式短语相仿,除了引导如时间状语、方式状语和原因状语等以外,也可以引导条件状语,用来表示假想的情况,而这一点却很少有人注意到。请看下面的例子。

(6)The same thing ,happening in wartime, would amount to a disaster.(同样的事,若发生在战争时期,简直就是一场灾难)

(7)Born in better times, he would have done credit to the profession of letters.(要是出生在较好的年代,他会为著作界赢得声誉的。)

很明显,根据句意,例句1,2中的斜体部分隐含着对现在或过去情况的一种猜定和假设。该斜体部分可替换成两个虚拟条件从句,即“If it happened in wartime, it would amount to a disaster.”和 “If he had been born in better times, he would have done credit to the profession of letters.” 。

2.4.定语从句或定语成分

定语从句或定语成分的功能主要是限制、修饰它前面的先行词或被修饰成分,即名词、名词短语或代词等,此外,有时也可被看作是起状语作用的句子。根据句子的意思,有时包含着虚拟语气。例如:

(8)He would be a rash man who should venture to forecast the remotest results (G.L.Dickinson). (要是有人冒昧预言最遥远的结果,那他就是一个鲁莽的人)

(9)Anybody who should do that would be laughed at. (任何人如果那样做,就要被人笑的。)

(10)A man trying to see a single atom would be somewhat like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the ocean while flying many miles above it.(如果一个人试图看见单个的原子,他就象是翱翔于茫茫大海之上许多英国的高空而试图看见大海中的一滴水那样。)

(11).A man with coals and candles and a pound a week might be in clover here (Dickens )。(在这里,一个人能有煤用,有蜡烛点,每周还有一镑收入,那可以过得舒舒服服的了。)

2.5.名词或名词短语

名词或名词短语在英语学习者中比较深刻的印象是主语和宾语的功能。但凡事都有例外,名词或名词短语也可用来表示隐含的虚拟语气,起着与条件状语相同的作用。这种情况只能从上下文的语境中才能体会出来。例如:

(12)Ronald Reagan’s arrival in the white house would mark an unabashed return to the presidency as it used to be, when working hours most days were 9 to 5,the first lady stayed out of sight in the East lady stayed out of sight in the east wing and governing best was taken to mean governing least.(如果罗纳德里根进入白宫的话,那就意味着白宫公然要恢复到以前老白宫的情景。那时,通常的办公时间是上午九点到下午五点,第一夫人不到白宫东翼串门,管得最好的政府被认为就是管得最少的政府。)

根据句意,这里的Ronald Reagan’s arrival in the white house 是一种假设情况,因为句子中所说的情况只是对将来情况的一种假设而已。

(13)Bertrand Russell wrote, “both, in words, acknowledge that a nuclear war would defeat the purpose of both parties equally.”(伯特兰.罗素写道:“两人在嘴上都承认,如果把发生一次核战争的话,双方的目的将一起落空。”)

(14)A Chinese would not do this.(这种事中国人是不会做的。)

根据句意,例句2,3分别可以转换成虚拟条件句,即“If a nuclear war occurred, the purred, the purpose of both parties would be defeated equally.”和“If he were a Chinese, he would not do this.”

2.6.形容词及形容词比较级

形容词是用来修饰名词的。但是形容词,特别是形容词的比较级形式(且一般没有明确的比较对象),其隐含作用巧不可忽视,必须对其深层意义进行深入分析和揣摩。根据名义,形容词或其比较级形式有时也可能表示假想的意味。下面句子中的形容词及其比较级形式表面上看是起定语的作用,但根据上下文,它们隐含着虚拟的或非真实条件。

(15)A foolish man would have done such a thing.(傻子才会做出这样的事情。/如果是一个傻子,就会做出这样的事。)

(16)A smoother tongue, a lighter manner would have been better suited to the situation.(如果当时讲话圆滑些,态度和善些,那局面就会好一些。)

2.7.副词或副词短语

副词或副词短语当状语是为英语学习者所非常熟悉的,但用于表示假想隐含虚拟语所的状语恐怕并不多见。因此在学习过程中,这种现象也是值得我们重视和关注的。下面的例子恐怕对我们了解这种现象有所帮助。

(17)Living things, as we know them, must have just right amount of oxygen, too much, and they would burn too little,and they would die.(正如我们大家所知道的那样,生物必须有适量的氧气。氧气太多,生物会烧死;氧气太少,生物会窒息而死。)

(18)Alone Roosevelt could have accomplished little.(罗斯福要是个光杆司令的话,他也不能有所作为。)

2.8.并列分句

像or, otherwise, or else, but, only等如果仅仅从字面意义看,恐怕很少有人会想到连词也可以隐含虚拟意气的意味,但事实上它们引导的并列句子有时也带有强烈的虚拟意味,这得视一定的上下文而定。如:

(19)I am otherwise engaged, or I would go myself.(我要不是因为有别的事,我就亲自去了。)

(20)we would have avoided making such a mistake, but we did not follow his sound advice.(我们本来可以不犯这样的错误,只是没有接受他的忠告。)

(21)he said he would have done, only you treated him so off-hand.(他说他本来会做的,只是你待他太不客气了。)

以上三个例句当中斜体部分分别可以替换成,“if I were not otherwise engaged”,” if we had followed his advice” if you had not treated him so off-hand”等虚拟条件从句。

2.9.上下文

前面讨论过的例句中有一些也是通过上下文来推导才能认定是非条件句的虚拟语气的,但它们都具有明显的词语作铺垫,主要还是通过某些词语给出的暗示。下面例句是通过对句子之间的上下文关系来推导出虚拟语气含义的。

(22)I suppose poor George is all broken up. I would be in his case. (我体味到可怜的乔治伤心透了。如果我处在他的地位,我也会是这样的。)

(23)Let’s try a comparison:Reduce the sun to the size of a golf ball .the earth would be the size of a grain of sand. (我们来打个比方。假如把太阳缩小到高尔夫球那么大,那幺地球的大小就会象一粒沙子。)

3.结语

以上的例句都有一个共同的特点,即无论是哪一种隐含条件的虚拟语气部分,基本上都能用“非真实条件句+虚拟语气”的形式来替换,且用来表达虚拟语气的隐含条件句行文简洁、繁凑。从以上的例句我们不难看出,本文所讨论的非条件句所表现的虚拟语气实际上并不是无条件的,这些条件只是隐含于句子当中罗了。所列举的例子在形式上虽然看不到“非真实条件句+虚拟语气”这样一种显性的句法结构,但是我们可以从词汇等或从上下文语境去推导句中隐含的虚拟意味,而且都能够转换成一个虚拟条件句

回答2:

A strict rule
Dick’s mother made it a rule that if he came to the dinner table late he was not to speak a single work during the meal . Yesterday he arriwed , as usual , after everybody had sat down .As soon as he entered the toom he began with “I say , mother…”But his mother quickly reminded him of the rule .
“But mother…” He persisted.
“Not a word . ”Said the stern parent who meant the rule to be enforced . When dinner was over . His mother asked what he wanted to say . “Oh , I only wantde to say , mother , that my little sister had fallen into the water.”